A Method for Manufacturing a Polyester Based Polymer Article

ABSTRACT

A method of the selection, modification of existing, and/or creation of polyester based polymer materials, which provide improved response to the application of local shear and/or extensional deformation inside the polyester based polymer melt in injection stretch blow molding, is disclosed. A method for manufacturing a polymer article is also provided including injecting a molten polyester based polymer in a preform mold for converting it in a preform while applying shear and/or extensional deformation on the polyester based polymer melt. Applying shear and/or extensional deformation on the polyester based polymer melt includes modifying the flow path of the molten polymer as a function of local pressure profile over at least part of the flow path. The local pressure profile is determined as a function of optimized response of the polyester based polymer melt to the applied local shear and/or extensional deformation over at least said part of the flow path.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates in general to new developments in the manufacturing of polyester based thermoplastic articles by means of injection stretch blow molding (ISBM).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The commercial success of plastics, especially as a packaging product, is due to a combination of flexibility (from film and bags to rigid trays and containers), strength, lightness, stability, impermeability and ease of sterilization. These features make plastics an ideal packaging material for all sorts of commercial and industrial users. For instance in food packaging, plastics are widely used since commonly it does not affect the taste and quality of the food and the barrier properties of plastics ensure that food keeps its natural taste while protecting it from external contamination.

Several types of plastics have been used, ranging from aliphatic and aromatic polyolefins (polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene) over halogenated polymers (polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)) and aliphatic polyamides (nylons) to aromatic polyesters. As far as the rigid food and beverage packaging sector is concerned, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), an aromatic polyester, is by far the most widely used resin, followed by polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE).

The packaging supply chain in general, and the polymer packaging supply chain in specific, is being continuously challenged for increasing its overall sustainability through a reduction of its carbon footprint. In turn, this mandates amongst others an ongoing reduction of raw material consumption whilst maintaining the overall functional performances of these light-weighted polymer articles.

At the same time, the (polymer) packaging supply chain is facing important profitability challenges, which requires access to cost-efficient packaging manufacturing technologies which can accommodate both these ecological and economical challenges simultaneously. This is often being referred to as the “3BL principle”: the “triple bottom line” stating that improvements should be beneficial for all stakeholders (People, Planet, Profit)

The present invention can provide a substantial contribution to achieving a more favorable 3BL within the (polymer) packaging supply chain.

One such area where this 3BL challenge is clearly visible concerns the use of containers made from polyester-based polymers for use across a wide range of both food, and non-food applications manufactured by injection stretch blow molding (ISBM). The key challenge here has become to do “more with less”, meaning either maintaining the overall performance specifications at a total lower polymer weight, or achieving improved performances at an equivalent polymer weight. This reduced polymer material consumption will contribute importantly to both the ecological sustainability (reduced CO2 emissions, . . . ) as well as the economic benefits (reduced raw material costs, less transportation costs, less waste handling costs, . . . ) of the (polymer) packaging supply chain, provided that these improvements are achievable at either no or at an acceptable increased operational cost.

In turn, this requires an improved utilization or effectiveness from the polyester based polymer material itself, without reverting to highly sophisticated, and hence expensive, material and/or manufacturing converting technologies.

WO2008145746, the whole text being incorporated in this text by reference, addresses the problem that resin, oil and energy pricing has created significant pressure on package owners to reduce the total cost of ownership of their plastic packaging mix, and attempts among others to further reduce the wall thickness of these plastic (like PET) containers (light-weighting) whilst maintaining the inherent overall performance characteristics and design flexibility. The text describes the principle of Flow Induced Crystallization, which teaches about the ability to modify the internal morphologic structure of a (semi-)crystallizable polymer by introducing a controlled local strain (shear) onto the polyester based polymer melt. The text further discloses an injection and stretch blow molding method for making a container wherein controlled local friction or shear is applied through the introduction of modifications inside the hot runner system, through which pre-alignment/orientation of macromolecules in the polyester based polymer melt are induced and through which the desired performance improvements might be obtained.

However, WO2008145746 lacks any teaching with regards to the either the responsiveness of various polyester based polymer materials to the application of local shear, nor the minimal shear exposure which would be required, nor on any mechanism to either select and/or modify existing and/or create new polymers which would more optimally react to the application of controlled shear inside the polyester based polymer melt.

Further, although most of the polymer processing operations considered in WO2008145746 are dominated by shear deformations, the document lacks any teaching with regards to the fact that any contracting, diverging, or squeezing types of flow that commonly occur during those polymer processing and shaping operations also involve extensional deformations. Hence, while most of the emphasis involving the deformation of polymeric materials in WO2008145746 focused on aspects relating to shear deformations, a more rigorous analysis of the melt processing technologies described therein would also consider aspects relating to extensional deformations. Extensional deformations are characterized by elongation flows which tend to align, stretch and orient polymer chains in the melt. Similar to flows in shear, extensional flows can also generate flow induced crystallization during melt processing.

As such, at present, it is impossible to make any predictive assessment and subsequent selection in-between and across various polyester based materials as to the minimal required shear exposure or minimal required exposure to extensional deformation, or most suitable polymer for use in applications leveraging Flow Induced Crystallization.

Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method which enables the selection of the most suitable polyester based polymer materials for their response to the application of Flow Induced crystallization in polymer manufacturing technologies

In addition, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for modifying existing and/or creating new polyester based polymer resin compositions which provide an optimal response to the application of local shear and/or extensional deformation inside the polyester based polymer melt.

Further, it is also an object of the present invention to provide a method obtaining higher container volumes for a given used polymer weight compared to the state of the art. Moreover, the method of the present invention may achieve articles, in particular containers with equal or higher overall functional performances compared to state of the art articles, in particular containers, having the same or higher polymer weight.

Still another object is to reduce design constraints with regards to the neck opening in the manufacturing of high volume containers.

The method of the present invention may as another objective also result in containers less suffering from shrinkage and/or visual crystallization upon heat exposure, for example in hot-fill applications, compared to the state of the art.

It is further another object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing a polymer container, in particular a preform and resulting stretch blow molded container, having reducing packaging cost by enabling higher bottle volume at same preform weight.

Another object of the present invention may be the increased functional performance of injected polymer articles across diverse end use applications (primary, secondary & tertiary packaging, building & construction, automotive, electric & electronics), demonstrating functional improvements including but not limited to: better dimensional stability (eg less warpage, leading to less quality defects), better gas and/or water barrier (avoiding need for secondary barrier packaging), higher impact resistance, or higher thermal resistance.

Another object of the present invention may be the modification of polyester based polymer architecture and monomer content such that the polymer crystallization temperature is more responsive to pressure variations in order to enhance the effects of flow induced crystallization in polymer manufacturing technologies.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method enabling either the selection, the modification of existing and/or the creation of newly developed polyester based polymer materials which may provide an improved response to the application of a local shear and/or extensional deformation inside the polyester based polymer melt in injection stretch blow molding (ISBM).

The use of the present invention may generate inside the polyester based polymer melt either the single or combined presence of different types of morphological structures, such as macro-molecular alignment, macro-molecular orientation, precursors, nuclei, spherulites or various forms of crystal structures.

As a first embodiment, a method for manufacturing a polymer article is provided comprising injecting a molten polyester based polymer in a preform mold for converting it into preform, and applying on the molten polyester based polymer a shear rate at wall of 1500 1/s, wherein the polyester based polymer has a MW between 35,000 and 143,000 g/mol, and having a z-value between 1.00E+07 and 2.70E+08 (g·rad)(mol·s), wherein z being equal to MW multiplied with ω1 when measured at a temperature of 275° C. Such method may further comprise biaxially stretching the preform by blowing thereby forming a container.

In another embodiment, a method for manufacturing a polymer article is provided comprising injecting a molten polyester based polymer for converting it into a (semi)final shape, the polymer having an applied Weissenberg number of at least 0.375 for injecting and a Deborah number of at least 0.75 for injecting, wherein the polyester based polymer has a MW between 35000 and 143000 g/mol.

In addition to the above embodiments, it has now been recognized that the local pressure to which the polyester based polymer melt is exposed in the flow path influences the shear level and/or extensional deformation level required for effectively generating inside the polyester based polymer melt either the single or combined presence of different types of morphological structures. Therefore, the flow path of the polyester based polymer melt may be modified as a function of shear and/or extensional deformation loss in the flow path and/or may be modified as a function of local pressure loss due to shear thinning in the flow path.

Preferably, the flow path of the polyester based polymer melt may be modified as a function of local pressure profile over at least part of the flow path, said local pressure profile being determined as a function of optimized response of the polyester based polymer melt to the applied local shear and/or extensional deformation over at least said part of the flow path.

In addition, the flow path of the polyester based polymer melt may be modified as a function of local pressure profile over at least part of the flow path, said local pressure profile being determined as a function of required critical shear over at least said part of the flow path.

In a specific embodiment, the polyester based polymer material used may result from blending or compounding a plurality of polymer materials with different MW in order to obtain a lower ω1 without substantially increasing the MW of the obtained blend or compound.

In addition, a method for manufacturing a polymer article is provided comprising injecting a molten polyester based polymer in a preform mold for converting it into a preform while applying a shear and/or extensional deformation on the polyester based polymer melt, wherein applying shear and/or extensional deformation on the polyester based polymer melt comprises selectively modifying the flow path of the molten semi-crystallizable polymer as a function of local pressure profile over at least part of the flow path, said local pressure profile being determined as a function of optimized response of the polyester based polymer melt to the applied local shear and/or extensional deformation over at least said part of the flow path. Preferably, said local pressure profile may additionally be determined as a function of required critical shear over at least said part of the flow path. Such methods may further comprise biaxially stretching the preform by blowing thereby forming a container.

In a particular embodiment in accordance with the present invention, the flow path of the polyester based polymer melt is modified as a function of local pressure profile over at least part of the flow path, and the polyester based polymer melt is converted at a given processing temperature, wherein said processing temperature is higher than the crystallization temperature of the polymer resin at ambient pressure as determined from the corresponding PVT graph of the resin, and wherein said local pressure profile applied on the polyester based polymer melt is selected to increase the crystallization temperature towards or preferably to at least the given melt processing temperature.

In a general embodiment, the polyester based polymer melt is converted at a given local pressure and a given processing temperature, wherein said processing temperature is higher than the crystallization temperature of the polymer resin at ambient pressure, and wherein said local pressure applied on the polyester based polymer melt is selected to increase the crystallization temperature towards or preferably to at least the given melt processing temperature. In addition, the polyester based polymer melt may be sufficiently deformed to achieve molecular alignment such that crystallite nucleation is possible under a given set of processing temperature and pressure conditions.

Preferably, said given processing temperature may be within a range of 5 to 40° C. higher than the crystallization temperature of the polymer resin at ambient pressure as determined from the corresponding PVT graph of the resin, or within a range of 10 to 40° C., or within a range of 20 to 40° C. The crystallization temperature at ambient pressure is understood as the temperature on the PVT graph where the specific volume of the resin maximally increased vs temperature at ambient pressure.

Preferably, the applied local pressure may be selected within a range of 0 to 500 MPa, or 0 to 400 MPa, or preferably 0 to 200 MPa to increase the crystallization temperature of the polyester based polymer melt towards or preferably to at least the given melt processing temperature.

Preferably the crystallization temperature of the polyester based polymer melt may be increased within a range of 0 to 5° C. above the melt processing temperature, or within a range of 0 to 3° C. above the melt processing temperature.

A method according to any of the above mentioned embodiments may be used in manufacturing of:

-   -   Containers for divers food and non-food applications     -   any form of injected polymer articles for use in packaging,         building & construction, automotive, electric & electronic         applications

DESCRIPTION

As first embodiment of the present invention, a method for manufacturing a polymer article is provided comprising injecting a molten polyester based polymer in a preform mold for converting it in a preform, and applying on the molten polyester based polymer a shear rate at wall of 1500 1/s, or at least 2,000 or at least 5,000, or at least 10,000, or at least 25,000 or at least 50,000 or at least 75,000, or at least 100,000, and below 160,000 1/s, and preferably between 2,000 and 50,000 1/s, wherein the polyester based polymer has a MW between 35,000 and 143,000 g/mol, preferably between 46,000 and 68,000 g/mol and having a z-value between 1.00E+07 and 2.70E+08 (g·rad)/(mol·s), preferably between 3E+07 and 21E+07 (g·rad)(mol·s), wherein z being equal to MW multiplied with ω1 when measured at a temperature of 275° C. This method may further comprise biaxially stretching the preform by blowing thereby forming a container.

Molecular weight (MW) values of the polyester based polymer in the above embodiments are Average molecular weight values as determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analysis under the following conditions:

EXPERIMENTAL

-   -   Columns: PSS PFG Linear M     -   Solvent: HFIP     -   Temperature: 30° C.     -   Flow Rate: 1.0 ml/min     -   Injection Volume: 25 μl     -   Detector: M-150-C     -   Data Module: GPC PRO 3.13

ω1 (rad/s)) values are to be determined by measuring the Frequency Sweep response of the polymer at a given temperature by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) using for example Rheometrics RDA ii or equivalent. Dynamic mechanical testing involves the application of an oscillatory strain to a material and to measure the resultant stress. The phase shift and the ratio of stress amplitude and strain amplitude allow the calculation of the dynamic moduli, the storage modulus (G′(ω) ) and loss modulus (G″(ω) ) as well as the complex viscosity as a function of frequency. The cross-over point between G′(ω) and G″(ω) determines the ω1 value, which is understood without being bound by any theory as the point at which the storage modulus surpasses the loss modulus, meaning that the visco-elastic polymer behaves more as a ‘solid’ than as a ‘liquid’. In cases where this cross-over point falls outside of the measurement range provided by the measurement equipment used, the corresponding value of the cross-over point should be determined through application of (non-) linear extrapolation of the data points obtained within the measurement range. This will be especially, but non-exclusively, valid for the cross-over point of polyester based materials. The appropriate measurement protocol for polyester based materials is included in annex A.

In the simple case of a melt flow path (i.e. a channel) with circular cross-section and Newtonian materials (i.e. having constant viscosity), the shear rate at the wall (1/s) follows from the volume rate and the channel radius, as per the following equation:

${\overset{.}{\gamma}}_{w} = \frac{4\; Q}{\pi \; R^{3}}$

With:

Q=volume rate R=radius of channel

For either non-Newtonian materials (eg with shear thinning) and/or for non-circular channels, shear rate at the wall is derived from the velocity distribution inside the channel which is determined by using numerical modeling, solving partial differential equations. Shear rate at wall values as mentioned in this text are determined using the so-called Carreau-model, wherein a Carreau fluid is a type of generalized Newtonian fluid where viscosity, μ_(eff), depends upon the shear rate, {dot over (γ)}, by the following equation.

${\mu_{eff}\left( \overset{.}{\gamma} \right)} - \mu_{\inf} + {\left( {\mu_{0} - \mu_{\inf}} \right)\left( {1 + \left( {\lambda \; \overset{.}{\gamma}} \right)^{2}} \right)^{\frac{n - 1}{2}}}$

-   -   Where: μ₀, μ_(inf), λ and η are material coefficients.     -   μ₀=viscosity at zero shear rate (Pa·s)     -   μ_(inf)=viscosity at infinite shear rate (Pa·s)     -   Δ=relaxation time (s)     -   η=power index

Knowing the flow path (i.e. the channel) geometry and the polyester based polymer melt volume rate through the flow path, and knowing the above mentioned four material coefficients, the shear rate at wall can be derived.

Applying shear may be performed by modifying the flow path of the molten polymer from a cross-sectional point-of-view and in relation to its length in a manner to subject the polyester based polymer melt to the required shear exposure which may generate a required morphological structure or a mixture of various morphological structures inside the polyester based polymer melt. The flow path is understood as the whole route the molten polymer has to follow from where it enters the injection molding equipment in molten form up to the preform mold cavity.

Besides shear, it should be noted that modifying the flow path of a molten polymer often involves extensional flow. Extensional flow, or deformation that involves the stretching of a viscous material, is the dominant type of deformation in converging and squeezing flows that occur in typical polymer processing operations. Similar to flows in shear, extensional flows which tend to align, stretch and orient polymer chains in the melt can also generate flow induced crystallization during melt processing.

The behavior of polymer flows in uniaxial extensional deformation is typically depicted in an extensional viscosity growth curve which is a graph depicting the instantaneous (or transient) extensional viscosity as a function of time for a given temperature and extensional rate, typically plotted on a log-log scale. A growth curve provides a reflection of a material response to a controlled deformation by graphing the evolution of a material's resistance to flow (viscosity) as a function of time at a constant rate of extension. A growth plot is comprised of multiple extensional viscosity growth curves for different rates of extension which at small strains tend to superpose onto a single base curve referred to as the Linear Viscoelastic Envelope (LVE). Extensional viscosity growth curves for resins that otherwise show little deviation from the LVE in the molten state typically show notable upturn deviations from the LVE at temperatures near the crystallization temperature as a result of flow induced crystallization (FIC). With decreasing temperature, FIC behavior is manifested by increasingly larger extensional viscosity deviations from the LVE accompanied by decreasingly lower strains at the point of deviation from the LVE. Hence, the FIC behavior of a polymer resin in uniaxial extension is typically characterized by evaluating its extensional flow behavior with respect to the LVE on a growth plot at progressively cooler testing temperatures near and just below its peak melt crystallization temperature.

Extensional flow measurements performed near the melt crystallization temperature require that the polymer resin must first become molten at a temperature 10-20° C. above the peak melt temperature before being gradually cooled to the desired test temperature. It is helpful to characterize the polymer's melt crystallization behavior as a function of temperature beforehand using a technique such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or differential thermal analysis (OTA) in order to determine the appropriate melt temperature range for a given polymer resin. Extensional flow experiments are typically conducted on a dual windup drum extensional rheometer such as the Sentmanat Extensional Rheometer (SER) fixture which can be accommodated within the oven chamber of the commercial rotational rheometer on which the SER fixture is being hosted. FIC experiments require tight temperature control and accuracy and minimal temperature gradients within the sample and oven chamber during the sample cooling protocol and the stretching experiment. The appropriate measurement protocol for FIC measurements on polymer melts in uniaxial extension is included in annex B.

Therefore, since flow path modification and many polymer processing operations involve a combination of both shear and extensional flows, it is useful to characterize flow deformations in more generalized, dimensionless terms such as the Deborah and Weissenberg numbers which are often used to characterize the rheological behavior of a material.

The Deborah number (De) governs the degree to which elasticity manifests itself in response to a transient deformation whether in shear or in extension. Formally, the Deborah number is defined as the ratio of the characteristic relaxation time of the fluid to the duration of the observation probing the response of the fluid. At lower Deborah numbers, the material behaves in a more fluid-like manner, with an associated Newtonian viscous flow. At higher Deborah numbers, the material behavior enters the non-Newtonian regime, increasingly dominated by elasticity and demonstrating solid-like behavior.

The Weissenberg number (Wi) compares the viscous forces to the elastic forces of a fluid as a result of an applied deformation whether in shear or in extension. Formally, the Weissenberg number is defined as the product of the characteristic relaxation time of the fluid and the rate of the applied deformation. At low Weissenberg numbers, deformations are very small or very slow and the stress responses of a fluid to a shear or extensional deformation are directly proportional indicating linear viscoelastic behavior. At higher Weissenberg numbers, deformations are large or rapid and the stress responses of a fluid to a shear or extensional deformation are not proportional indicating nonlinear viscoelastic behavior.

Together these two dimensionless numbers serve to characterize the rheological behavior of a fluid with the use of a Pipkin diagram which is a plot of the Weissenberg number versus the Deborah number for a given set of material deformation conditions. For contraction flows that are common in shaping operations the Weissenberg and Deborah numbers are often written as:

Wi=λγ _(w)*

De=λ/t′

where λ (=1/ω1) is the characteristic relaxation time of the polyester based polymer melt and t′ (=πR³/[8Q]) is the time required for flow through the contraction over an axial distance equivalent to 4 flow channel diameters.

Determining now a selection of polyester based polymers, a method for manufacturing a polymer article is provided comprising injecting a molten polyester based polymer for converting it into a (semi)final shape with an applied Weissenberg number of at least 0.375 for injecting and a Deborah number of at least 0.75 for injecting, or Weissenberg and Deborah numbers of respectively at least 0.4 and 0.8, or at least 0.5 and 1.0, or at least 0.6 and 1.2, or at least 0.75 and 1.5, wherein the polyester based polymer has a MW between 35000 and 143000 g/mol.

It is recognized know that in methods for manufacturing a polyester based polymer article an appropriate selection of key processing parameters enable affecting a polymer's crystallization properties: rate of deformation, processing temperature, local pressure, and molecular orientation.

Rate of deformation of a polymer melt flow in the flow path should be rapid enough to trigger a crystallization reaction enabling the material to behave more elastic than viscous during the polymer article shaping process. Therefore, the deformation rate of the polyester based polymer melt should scale with the inverse of its characteristic relaxation time—in other words, the material must be shaped at a processing rate on scale with its rate of relaxation.

Frequency sweep experiments in simple shear conditions are used to determine the crossover frequency for a polymer melt at a given temperature relevant to processing. This crossover frequency provides an indication of the deformation rate at which the polymer begins to behave more solid-like (elastic) than liquid-like (viscous)

Further, the polyester based polymer melt should be processed at a temperature near the pressure-dependent crystallization temperature of the polymer resin—in other words, the material must be processed at a temperature where crystallite nucleation is possible under a given set of processing pressure and molecular orientation conditions. The underlying physical phenomenon may be that, as a polymer chain begins to freeze its molecular mobility is restricted thereby reducing its conformational entropy state which facilitates a transformation to a crystalline state. Hence, the temperature at which a material begins to freeze is dictated by the lack of molecular mobility of the polymer chains under a given set of operating conditions.

The melt crystallization temperature as a function of pressure is to be determined from the characteristic PVT data of a given polymer resin. Such PVT graph is typically measured using melt dilatometer experiments.

In addition, the local pressure on the polyester based polymer melt at the time of the imposed molecular orientation should be high enough to increase the crystallization temperature to near or just above the melt processing temperature in order to promote crystallite nucleation. The polyester based polymer melt should be processed at a sufficiently high pressure such that the pressure-dependent shift in the crystallization temperature of the polymer resin is near the processing temperature of the shaping operation—in other words, the material must be processed at a pressure where crystallite nucleation is possible under a given set of processing temperature and molecular orientation conditions. The underlying physical phenomenon may be that an increase in pressure causes a reduction in the free volume surrounding the polymer chains which results in a decrease in the conformational entropy state and facilitates a transformation to a crystalline state. This decrease in total entropy of fusion allows crystallization to occur at higher temperatures than would otherwise occur under quiescent conditions.

FIGS. 1 and 2 demonstrate how increasing the local applied pressure from 0 towards 1600 bars on a PET based polymer melt results in increasing the melt crystallization temperature of the polyester based polymer melt. By modifying the flow path of the polyester based polymer melt such that local pressure increases, the crystallization temperature may be increased such that it is near or just above the melt processing temperature of the exemplar polymer processing operation.

The samples were measured with Rheograph 75 twin bore 15 mm using one of the two barrels for PVT measurement. The isothermal test method was selected.

For RamaPET, the crystallization temperature was determined between 250° C. at ambient pressure and 287° C. at 1600 bars. For Turbo LT, the crystallization temperature was slightly higher at ambient pressure and 287° C. at 1600 bars.

Finally, the imposed molecular orientation should be large enough to promote molecular alignment in order to facilitate and accelerate the rate of crystallization. The polymer article shaping process should impose a sufficient degree of molecular orientation among the polymer chains in order to facilitate flow induced/enhanced crystallization—in other words, the material must be deformed in a manner to achieve a sufficient degree of molecular alignment such that crystallite nucleation is possible under a given set of processing temperature and pressure conditions. The underlying physical phenomenon may be that large shear strains and extensional flow deformations, which generate a high degree of polymer chain stretch and orientation, cause a significant distortion of polymer chains from their most probable conformation (random coil) and result in a decrease in the conformational entropy state which facilitates a transformation to a crystalline state. This decrease in total entropy of fusion allows the crystallization to occur at higher temperatures than would otherwise take place under quiescent conditions. The increased ordering and alignment of the polymer chains also results in an increased rate of crystallization compared to isotropic polymer chains.

Extensional rheology experiments may be used to determine flow induced crystallization behavior at temperatures near the melt crystallization temperature of a given polymer resin.

In addition, it has now been recognized that the local pressure at which the polyester based polymer melt is exposed to influences the shear level and/or the extensional deformation level required for effectively generating inside the polyester based polymer melt either the single or combined presence of different types of morphological structures. The local pressure inside the polyester based polymer melt may help increasing the intermolecular frictions in-between the macromolecules present inside the polyester based polymer melt, hence making the locally applied shear exposure and/or exposure to extensional deformation more effective. Since the required shear level exposure is influenced by the pressure at which the shear and/or extensional deformation is being applied, shear and or extensional deformation may preferably be applied under the most appropriate local pressure, such that the morphological nature of the polymer may change most optimally in relation to the contemplated functional performances desired in the (semi-) final polymer article.

Therefore, the flow path of the polyester based polymer melt may additionally be modified as a function of shear loss or extensional deformation gain in the flow path and/or may be modified as a function of local pressure toss due to shear thinning or local pressure increase due to extensional strain hardening in the flow path.

Preferably, the flow path of the polyester based polymer melt may be modified as a function of local pressure profile over at least part of the flow path, said local pressure profile being determined as a function of optimized response of the polyester based polymer melt to the applied local shear and/or extensional deformation over at least said part of the flow path. Optimized response of the polyester based polymer melt is understood as optimized effectiveness of the applied local shear and/or extensional deformation.

Said modification of the polymer flow path may also include any type of dimensional configuration which enables controlling the local pressure present inside the polyester based polymer melt, and at which the shear and/or extensional exposure will be performed, both from a cross-sectional point of view as well as over the length of the flow path.

In case of injection stretch blow molding, modifying the flow path may be achieved, amongst others, by passing the molten polymer through specially designed hot runner modifications such as profiling of the runner nozzle housing, and/or shut-off needle valve, or placing inserts within the hot runner system. (e.g. geometrical configurations such as but not limited to concentric tubes, star wheels, or other types of cross-sectional geometries, or zones having diameter variations) at selected positions in the hot runner. This may be combined with high injection pressure or repetitive compression and decompression cycles.

It has surprisingly been found that polymers having a higher MW polyester based polymers may demonstrate an improved response to the application of local shear. Without being bound by any theory, it is expected that polymers having a higher MW polyester based polymers demonstrating an improved response to the application of a local shear inside the polyester based polymer melt.

Further it has also been observed that shear thinning, a rheological phenomenon wherein the viscosity of the polyester based polymer melt decreases when being subjected to local shear, comes to play a role. The reduced viscosity reduces the local pressure in the polyester based polymer melt resulting from the manufacturing process. Since reduced local pressure affects the effectiveness of the molecular frictions in between the polymer macromolecules, a higher shear level may be required in proportion to the selected polymer's shear thinning characteristics.

Therefore, in a further embodiment of the present invention, the flow path of the polyester based polymer melt may be modified by flow path restrictions in order to achieve a preferred pressure drop profile within the flow path taking into account the polyester based polymer melt's shear thinning behavior. For example, an insert mounted in a hot runner system may be designed such that a certain pressure drop profile along the flow path can be achieved with a prescribed reduction in channel cross section towards the mold, or by including a highly restrictive area inside the polyester based polymer melt flow path, preferably close to the mold cavity used for the (semi-) final article.

In addition, since not all polymers are equally sensitive to shear thinning, in a method according to the present invention a polymer may be selected, modified or newly created not only based on MW and multiplication with the corresponding ω1 value, or on Weissenberg and Deborah numbers but in addition taking in account also the polymer's sensitivity to shear thinning.

The polyester based polymer may be based for example on PET, high IV PET or modified PET, PBT (Polybutylene terephthalate), PGA, PEN, or a combination thereof, and optionally may comprise copolymers suitable for modifying the articles' physical characteristics. The polyester based polymer may be an aromatic thermoplastic polyester, or an aliphatic thermoplastic polyester. In addition, the polyester based polymer may be a biodegradable plastic, such as for example polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polyethylene furanoate (PEF), polybutylene Succinate (PBS), or polyglycolic acid (PGA).

The polyester based material may be achieved by blending, compounding, master batching, or co-polymerization and may partially or fully be derived from natural resources.

In addition, the polymers used in the present invention may comprise different types of additives, either used individually or in different forms of combinations, including but not limited to additives such as anti-oxidants, UV-absorbers, dyes, colorants, nucleating agents, fillers and mixtures thereof.

As a first benefit, methods according to the present invention now enable applying local shear and/or extension on polymer materials which are selected to demonstrate an improved response in terms of morphological changes which may occur in the polyester based polymer melt upon application of the local shear and/or extensional deformation exposure. These morphological changes may include the single and/or combined benefits of increased macro-molecular alignment, macro-molecular chain orientation, formation of precursors and/or nuclei, spherulites, and formation of various types of crystal morphologies.

Further, methods according to the present invention allow obtaining higher container volumes for a given used polymer weight compared to the state of the art. Moreover, the method of the present invention may achieve articles, in particular containers with equal of higher dimensional stability, equal or better gas and/or water barrier properties (avoiding the need for complementary barrier solutions), equal or higher impact resistance, or equal or higher thermal resistance compared to state of the art articles having the same or higher wall thickness.

Methods of the present invention may also enable manufacturing containers less suffering from shrinkage and/or less crystallization upon heat exposure, for example in hot-fill applications, as compared to the state of the art.

Upon applying an appropriate shear and/or extensional deformation level at the appropriate local pressure in combination with an appropriate (semi-)crystallizable polymer as described in the above embodiments, the polyester based polymer melt molecules may (partially) align and/or orientate itself and/or exhibit crystallization such that the resulting (semi-)final article may show fractions of various morphological structures, such as the single and/or combined presence of macro-molecular alignment, macro-molecular amorphous chain orientation, formation of precursors and/or nuclei, spherulites, formation of various types of crystal morphologies. In other words: the combination of the applied local pressure and/or applied local shear and/or extensional deformation needs to be sufficiently high to generate the various morphological fractions which are referenced, the proper selection on the most appropriate resin should ensure that the polymer reacts most optimally to the application of the local shear and/or extensional deformation exposure.

In accordance with the principle of Flow Induced Crystallization, progressive higher stresses are expected to lead to the progressive creation of diverse types of morphologic structures inside the polyester based polymer melt, such as—without being limitative—macro-molecular alignment, macro-molecular chain orientation, precursors, nuclei, spherulites, and various forms of crystal structures.

Polymer chains can be aligned or oriented. Depending on the temperature and the degree of deformation and/or external force the degree of orientation can vary and could lead to crystallization. However, orientation does not imply crystallinity. Polymers can be amorphous and yet oriented.

Crystallization of polymers is a process associated with partial alignment of their molecular chains. The formation of precursors or nuclei is the first step in the formation of either a new thermodynamic phase or a new structure via self-assembly or self-organization. Nucleation starts with small, nanometer-sized areas where as a result of heat motion some chains or their segments occur parallel. Those seeds can either dissociate, if thermal motion destroys the molecular order, or grow further, if the grain size exceeds a certain critical value.

The growth of the crystalline regions preferably occurs in the direction of the largest temperature gradient and is suppressed at the top and bottom of the lamellae by the amorphous folded parts at those surfaces. In the case of a strong gradient, the growth has a unidirectional, dendritic character. However, if temperature distribution is isotropic and static then lamellae grow radially and form larger quasi-spherical aggregates called spherulites. Spherulites have a size between about 1 and 100 micrometers and form a large variety of colored patterns when observed between crossed polarizers in an optical microscope, which often include the “maltese cross” pattern and other polarization phenomena caused by molecular alignment within the individual lamellae of a spherulite.

The key parameter for Flow Induced Crystallization is linked with the so-called natural critical shear level, above which a full stretch of the polymer backbone is being achieved at atmospheric pressure and at a given reference temperature. Through combination of scientific literature, a generic formula for this Critical shear has now been derived: Cs=3*Mw*ω1/Me with Mw: the weight average molecular weight of the polymer; ω1: the cross-over point between storage modulus G′(ω) and loss modulus G″(ω)′ and Me: the entangled molecular weight.

It is further observed that upon applying shear levels of different intensity, articles with different morphological structure may be generated. As an example it is observed that exposing the polyester based polymer melt to a shear level (substantially) above the critical shear level, the resulting article may obtain a morphological structure which may also comprise a fraction of spherulites, being quasi-spherical semi-crystalline aggregates within the (oriented) amorphous polymer matrix, and/or a fraction of rod-like crystalline structures, and/or a fraction of shish-kebab crystalline structures.

In an additional embodiment, the present invention proposes methods attempting to decrease the Critical shear in order to more easily reach shear levels where the various morphologic structures are being created inside polymer melt through either the selection of the most appropriate polymer, the modification of existing or the creation of newly designed polymers.

As explained above, since a newly derived generic formula for critical shear is Cs=3*MW*ω1/ME, and taking in account that ω1 decreases with increasing molecular weight, selecting a polyester based polymer material having an appropriate window for MW and z-value, optionally taking in account also the polymer's sensitivity to shear thinning as well as the local pressure the polyester based polymer melt is exposed to in the flow path, may result in a manufacturing method wherein the selected polymer is exposed to an appropriate shear level below or above the Critical shear in order to induce the single or combined fractions of macro-molecular alignment, macro-molecular chain orientation, precursors and/or nuclei, spherulites and formation of various types of crystal morphologies.

In addition, the flow path of the polyester based polymer melt may be modified as a function of local pressure profile over at least part of the flow path, said local pressure profile being determined as a function of required critical shear over at least said part of the flow path. Preferably, the local pressure profile is determined as a function of critical shear obtainable within the operational boundaries of the polymer manufacturing technology.

In case of injection stretch blow molding, the shear level should be chosen such that the manufactured preform obtains a morphological structure which provides an optimal balance in-between the various morphological fractions induced by the application of the local shear and the ability to stretch blow mold the preform into its final bottle shape.

Table 1 illustrates the critical shear as a function of applied local pressure in the polyester based polymer melt flow path for a number of PET resins. For example, if a Turbo LT melt is exposed to a local pressure in the flow path of 1000 bar, applying a shear rate at wall of at least 3512 1/s may expose the polyester based polymer melt above its critical shear and may induce combined fractions of macro-molecular alignment, macro-molecular chain orientation, precursors and/or nuclei, up to spherulites and formation of various types of crystal morphologies.

TABLE 2 SHEET Method ISBM DI EBM EXTRUSION PET Intrinsic Min IV ASTM D4603 dl/g   0.62   0.58   0.8   0.58 Viscosity/ Mw GPC gr/mol  40.000  35.000  56.700  35.000 Molecular Max IV ASTM D4603 dl/g   1.33   1.5   1.5   1.5 weight Mw GPC gr/mol 120.000 143.000 143.000 143.000 Optimal IV ASTM D4603 dl/g   0.7-0.9   0.7-0.9   0.9-1.3   0.7-1.3 Mw GPC gr/mol 46.000-68.000 46.000-68.000 68.000-116.000 46.000-116.000 z-value Min z = Determination (g*rad)/ 1.00E+07 1.00E+07 1.00E+07 1.00E+07 Max Mw.w1 of G′ and G″ + (mol*s) 2.70E+08 2.70E+08 2.70E+08 2.70E+08 Optimal extrapolation @ 275° 3E+07-21E+07 3E+07-21E+07 3E+07-21E+07 3E+07-21E+07 if needed shear Min Shear Carreau s-1  1.500  1.500 500  1.000 Max rate model 160.000 160.000 160.000 160.000 Optimal at wall   1800-100000   1800-100000   1800-100000   1800-100000 Location hot runner hot runner before or in before or in cavity cavity extrusion die extrusion die Geometries all types all types all types all types Injection Min cm3/s  3  3 speed Max  50  90 Optimal 10-30    10-60 Injection Min bar 200 200 pressure Max  3.00  5.00 Optimal   400-2.500   400-4.000 Resin M&G Turbo LT Ramapet L1 Invista M&G Examples Ramapet R1 Dufor Polyclear EBM Cleartuf T95 Relpet H7761 flessenpet 1.3

Determination of the presence and types of morphological fractions, such as oriented amorphous or (semi-)crystalline structures may be performed by any suitable method known in the art, either in single or combined use, such as for example light scattering based methods, capillary rheology, differential scanning calorimetry. X-ray analysis (WAXS, SAXS), density analysis, birefringence analysis, etc. If required, the available analytical characterization methods need to be combined to demonstrate the presence of the various morphological structures present in the final polymer article.

In a further embodiment in accordance with the present invention, polyester based polymer materials not having suitable characteristics with regards to MW and z-value, may be modified such as to obtain suitable characteristics for obtaining improved response to the application of the local shear in function of achieving the desired morphological changes in the (semi)-final polymer article.

Modifying Mw may be done by blending polymers with different molecular weight fractions. In particular, for polyester based materials, it is expected that spiking a high Mw fraction into a lower Mw polymer would significantly decrease ω1 without significantly increasing MW of the obtained blend. As such suitable bi-modal or even multi-modal polymers may be developed.

As can be derived from the above explained critical shear formula, decreasing ω1 without significantly increasing MW would significantly lower the critical shear of the polymer blend, which results in that the shear level required for obtaining a desired morphological structure in the polymer article is more easily achievable. As known in the art, blending polymer materials may be done by simply mixing the weight fractions before entering the injecting molding equipment, by master batching, by compounding different polymers together, etc.

It is clear that, besides modifying existing polymers, new polymer materials may be designed as to fulfil the requirements with respect to MW, and ω1, shear thinning sensitivity, etc. for obtaining an improved response in relation to the morphological changes which may occur in the polyester based polymer melt upon application of the local shear exposure, including the single and/or combined benefits of increased macro-molecular alignment, polymer chain orientation, formation of precursors and/or nuclei, spherulites and formation of various types of crystal morphologies.

It has also been surprisingly found that exposure of the polyester based polymer melt to shear levels above and substantially above the Critical shear level may lead to a more dominant presence of morphological fractions characterized as precursors, nuclei, spherulites or crystal like. In case of for example direct injection, a resulting final article may be obtained having high thermal stability, barrier performance and mechanical rigidity.

However, in an extreme case, a resulting polymer semi-final article may reach an excessive presence of said morphologic fractions such that finalizing steps, such as blow molding in the case of preforms may either be substantially impeded, or may even not be feasible anymore under conventional operational manufacturing conditions.

Polymer articles as manufactured in accordance with the present invention may have comparable or better thermal stability, barrier performance and mechanical rigidity as compared to a state of the art article of the same type.

For example, in case of a 500 ml carbonated soft drink (CSD) type bottle, the specs of a bottle as manufactured by injection stretch blow molding from PET as selected in accordance with the present invention may be the following:

-   -   weight 24 or less, consequently having a weight/volume ratio of         0.0480 g/ml or less, while meeting the following         characteristics:     -   top load: +/−20 kg or higher (cfr ISBT procedures: International         Society of Beverage Technologists)     -   burst pressure: +/−10 bar or higher     -   CO2: 17.5% or less loss over 10 weeks at ambient (22° C.)         temperature     -   2.5% or less thermal expansion cfr ISBT thermal stability test

Idem in case of a 1500 ml carbonated soft drink (CSD) type bottle, made from PET:

-   -   weight 40 g or less, consequently having a weight/volume ratio         of 0.0267 g/ml or less, while meeting the following         characteristics:     -   top load: +/−20 kg or higher (cfr ISBT procedures: International         Society of Beverage Technologists)     -   burst pressure: +/−10 bar or higher     -   CO2: 17.5% or less loss over 12 weeks at ambient (22° C.)         temperature     -   2.5% or less thermal expansion cfr ISBT thermal stability test

A first example of the present invention relates to the use of PET containers for carbonated beverage products in geographies with more stringent environmental conditions. The commercial shelf life of such products is typically limited by the loss of the carbon dioxide (CO2), which leads to consumers rejecting the product due to its ‘flat’ taste. The conventional solution would involve the use of performance engineered polymers in combination with other manufacturing techniques improving the barrier performance, like the application of diverse types of internal and/or external coatings. It is however clear that such solutions come at both high ecologic and economic costs, hence are no longer preferred in view of the sustainability challenges being faced. A more optimal solution would involve introducing controlled changes to the PET morphologic structure which are beneficial to an increased barrier performance, herewith reducing or even eliminating the need for the conventional technical solutions.

As mentioned earlier, a benefit of the present invention is also that it reduces design constraints with regards to the neck opening in the manufacturing of high volume containers in injection stretch blow molding. Since each polymer has a maximum stretch ratio which has to be respected in view of potential issues with overstretching and the formation of microfaults inside the final obtained container, there is a limitation with regards to the maximum container size which can be achieved for a given neck opening diameter. The present invention may enable changing the morphologic structure of the polymer article such that the achievable stretch ratios upon blow molding could be modified and that the currently faced limitations could be reduced.

It should be clear that the above mentioned examples are provided by way of illustration and are in no way meant to be limitative as to the benefits potentially resulting from achieving an improved morphological structure inside a (semi-) final polymer article.

Table 2 below illustrates specific embodiments in accordance with the present invention with regards to appropriate shear levels, MW and z-values for polyester-based polymer materials and different polymer article manufacturing methods. This table also mentions examples of commercially available polymer resins as selected for being used in polymer article manufacturing methods according to the present invention.

TABLE 1 ω1 Cs (1/s) Evolution of Cs in function of local pressure Mw Me (rad/s) @ atm. 200 400 600 800 1000 Type Resin Supplier (gr/mol) (gr/mol) @ 275 C Press. [bar] [bar] [bar] [bar] [bar] PET Ramapet L1 Indorama 37192 1060 3663 385568 156760 63734 25912 10535 4283 PET Turbo LT M&G 50500 1060 2212 316149 128537 52259 21247 8638 3512 PET Relpet H7761 Relieance 51650 1060 1744 254937 103649 42141 17133 6966 2832 PET Ramapet R1 Indorama 57800 1060 1176 192392 78221 31802 12930 5257 2137 PET Flessenpet 1.30 Dufor 115947 1060 536 175791 71471 29058 11814 4803 1953

Annex A: Frequency Sweep Experiments on Polymer Melts: Measurement Protocol 1. Scope

This protocol can be used for semicrystalline polymers, in particular polyester based, in the molten state.

2. Sample Preparation

a. Drying of Hygroscopic Polymer Resin:

Polymer resins that are hygroscopic in nature must first be dried before being melted in order to avoid excessive bubble and void formation during the melting process. Such polymer samples are to be dried in a vacuum oven for at least 20 hours at a temperature of 140° C. and at a pressure of less than 25 mBar. After being removed from the vacuum oven, the resin samples are to be placed and stored in a desiccator.

b. Flat Sample Film:

Flat polymer films are produced via film extrusion or compression moulding. Extruded films are to be annealed for a period of 12 hours in an oven at a temperature 5-20° C. below the peak melt temperature of the resin. Compression moulded films are to be pressed in a hydraulic press at a temperature 10-30° C. above the peak melt temperature of the polymer resin for a period of 5-10 minutes at a compressive load of 20000 lbs. Sample films are to be moulded in a sandwich-type flat mould between high-temperature mould release films of PTFE or similar material. A typical mould cavity is 2 mm thick and 4 cm in diameter. After loading the mold with sample resin, the sandwiched mold is put between the heated platens of the hydraulic press for about one minute before pressure is applied to the mold in order allow the polymer resin to melt and become soft. Platen pressure is then gradually increased to a load of at least 10,000 lbs. After 10 minutes the press is opened and the sandwiched mold is removed and allowed to cool to room temperature.

c. Specimen Cutting:

Samples of 25 mm diameter are cut from the flat sample films using a circular die cutter. Make sure that a sample does not contain any impurities or air bubbles.

3. Using Parallel Platen Geometry for Frequency Sweeps on the Rotational Rheometer

The user must be trained and familiar with the safety and operational procedures of the rotational rheometer. Shear frequency sweeps experiments are to be performed with parallel plate fixtures or alternatively with cone-and-plate fixtures. The following test protocol describes operation with 25 mm diameter parallel plate fixtures used on a commercial rotational rheometer configured with an oven chamber. The user must wear proper hand and skin protection to prevent personal injury with the hot surfaces of the fixtures and the oven chamber.

Test Set-Up:

-   -   Open the oven chamber and carefully install the upper and lower         25 mm diameter parallel plate test geometries on the rotational         rheometer. Inspect the plate surfaces and ensure that they are         clean and free of dust and other such residual contamination.     -   In the rheometer control software, ensure that the instrument         motor and test protocol is operating in a dynamic oscillatory         mode of operation and that the 25 mm diameter parallel plate         test geometry has been selected in the test geometry options.     -   In the rheometer control software, select the test protocol that         allows for a strain-controlled, dynamic frequency sweep. Edit         the parameters of the test protocol by entering the desired         range of frequencies (e.g. 0.1 to 200 rad/s), strain amplitude         (e.g. 10% or less) and number of data points to be collected per         decade of frequency (e.g. at least 5 points per decade).     -   Carefully lower the upper plate so that there is approximately a         1 mm gap between the upper and lower plates.     -   Close the oven chamber and in the rheometer control software set         the desired test temperature for the polyester based polymer         melt (e.g. for polyester resin melts test temperatures of 265°         C., 275° C. and 285° C. are commonly used). If the molten         polymer resin is subject to oxidation and/or degradation during         the course of testing at a desired test temperature or set of         temperatures or over an extended period of time while in the         molten state, an inert gas environment such as nitrogen gas         should be used in the oven chamber during testing.     -   Allow the fixtures to equilibrate at the desired test         temperature for a period of at least 10 minutes prior to         proceeding with the test protocol.

Zero Gap Setting and Sample Loading:

-   -   After allowing the upper and lower plate fixtures to equilibrate         at the desired test temperature, select the automatic zero gap         feature in the rheometer control software in order to establish         the gap reference between the upper and lower plate fixtures.         After establishing the zero gap reference, if the control         software is configured to do so, select the temperature         compensation option for the test fixtures so that the software         can automatically compensate for any thermal expansion         differences in the gap reference for subsequent tests performed         at different temperatures.     -   With the zero gap referenced, set the gap between the upper and         lower plates to a distance of 3 mm.     -   Open the oven chamber and with a set of tweezers carefully         center and place the 25 mm diameter sample disc onto the lower         plate.     -   Close the oven chamber and allow the oven temperature to         equilibrate,     -   Gradually set the gap to a distance of 1.025 mm being careful to         avoid excessive normal forces while the polymer sample is being         squeezed. If the gap setting control is automated in the         rheometer control software, be sure to establish normal force         limits within the prescribed scale of the transducer force range         in order to avoid damage to the instrument and transducer.     -   Once the gap of 1.025 mm has been reached, allow the normal         force to relax completely.     -   Once the normal force has completely relaxed, open the oven         chamber and carefully trim excess material around the edges of         the plates using a trimming tool. A flat, soft metal trimming         tool made of brass or aluminum is recommended in order to avoid         damage to the edges of the plates during the trimming procedure.         After trimming, the edges of the molten sample should be flush         with the edges of the upper and lower circular plates.     -   Upon completion of the trimming procedure, close the oven         chamber and allow the oven chamber temperature to equilibrate.     -   Once the temperature has equilibrated and the normal force has         completely relaxed, set the gap to a distance of 1,000 mm and         then allow the normal force to completely relax.

Performing the Test:

-   -   Once the temperature has equilibrated and the normal force has         completely relaxed, start the test using the rheometer control         software.     -   After the frequency sweep experiment has completed at the         desired test temperature. If subsequent testing on the same         sample is to be performed at another test temperature, allow the         normal force to completely relax before changing the test         temperature. Once the normal force has completely relaxed,         change the test temperature then allow the temperature to         equilibrate for at least 10 minutes and the normal force to         completely relax before starting the next test on the same         material sample.

After the Test is Finished:

-   -   After testing has completed, open the oven.     -   Carefully raise the upper plate taking special care not to         exceed the normal force capacity of the transducer.     -   Once the plates have been fully separated, carefully remove any         remnant material from the plates using a brass or aluminum         scraping tool and then wipe the plate surface clean with a cloth         or laboratory tissue. During cleaning, be careful not to         overload the rheometer transducer.

4. References

-   ISO 6721-10:1997(E): “Plastics—Determination of dynamic mechanical     properties—Part 10: Complex shear viscosity using a parallel-plate     oscillatory rheometer” Zeichner, G. R., Patel, P. D., Proc. 2nd     World Congr. Chem. Eng. 6, 373 (1981).

Annex B: Flow Induced Crystallization Measurements on Polymer Melts in Uniaxial Extension—Measurement Protocol 1. Scope

This protocol can be used for semicrystalline polymers in the molten state.

2. Sample Preparation

a. Drying of Hygroscopic Polymer Resin:

Polymer resins that are hygroscopic in nature must first be dried before being melted in order to avoid excessive bubble and void formation during the melting process. Such polymer samples are to be dried in a vacuum oven for at least 20 hours at a temperature of 140° C. and at a pressure of less than 25 mBar. After being removed from the vacuum oven, the resin samples are to be placed and stored in a desiccator.

b. Flat Sample Film:

Flat polymer films are produced via film extrusion or compression moulding. Extruded films are to be annealed for a period of 12 hours in an oven at a temperature 5-20° C. below the peak melt temperature of the resin. Compression moulded films are to be pressed in a hydraulic press at a temperature 10-30° C. above the peak melt temperature of the polymer resin for a period of 5-10 minutes at a compressive load of 20000 lbs. Sample films are to be moulded in a sandwich-type flat mould between high-temperature mould release films of PTFE or similar material. The mould is to be 0.50.8 mm in thickness with minimum cavity dimensions of 100 mm×100 mm. After loading the mold with sample resin, the sandwiched mold is put between the heated platens of the hydraulic press for approximately one minute before pressure is applied to the mold in order allow the polymer resin to melt and become soft. Platen pressure is then gradually increased to a load of at least 10,000 lbs. After 10 minutes the press is opened and the sandwiched mold is removed and allowed to gradually cool to room temperature.

c. Specimen Cutting:

Strips approximately 15-18 in width are cut from the flat sample films using laboratory shears. Specimens are then cut to width using a dual parallel blade guillotine cutter with typical specimen widths ranging from 3 to 13 mm. Make sure that a cut specimen does not contain any impurities or air bubbles.

3. Using the SER for Transient Extensional Viscosity Measurements

The SER is a detachable fixture for use on a commercial rotational rheometer equipped with an environmental oven chamber. The user must be trained and familiar with the safety and operational procedures of the host rheometer system and the SER fixture. The following steps outline how to operate the SER under steady/constant Hencky strain rate conditions with polymer melts.

Test Set-Up:

-   -   In the rheometer control software, ensure that the instrument         motor and test protocol is operating in a steady rotational rate         mode of operation.     -   Ensure that the SER test geometry has been selected in the test         geometry options.     -   Enter the desired extensional rate in the control software         ensuring that the test will endure at least one complete drum         revolution during the stretching experiment.     -   Ensure that the data collection in the software includes the         time, rate, torque and extensional viscosity data during the         entire experiment.

Specimen Loading:

-   -   Open the oven chamber and verify that the SER windup drums and         securing clamps have been property cleaned and ready to accept a         new specimen. Insert the securing clamps into each of the windup         drums such that they are adequately extended from the drum         surfaces to facilitate sample loading and then close the oven         chamber. Alternatively, the experienced user may obviate the         need for securing clamps such that the polymer specimen is         allowed to melt directly onto the drums during specimen loading         without the securing clamps being present which greatly reduces         the specimen loading time and the time that the oven chamber         needs to be open.     -   In the rheometer control software, set the oven to a temperature         10 to 20° C. above the peak melt temperature of the polymer         resin.     -   Carefully monitor the measured oven temperature until the         desired temperature setting is achieved. If the unit is being         operated at a new temperature or is being heated from room         temperature, wait at least 15 minutes to allow the unit to         “soak” once the desired operating temperature has been reached.     -   Prior to specimen loading, measure and record the specimen's         width and thickness dimensions. Enter the specimen dimensions in         the rheometer control software so that the extensional viscosity         of the specimen can be calculated.     -   The user must wear proper hand and skin protection to prevent         personal injury with the hot surfaces of the SER and the oven         chamber. The specimen should be handled with tweezers at all         times during the specimen loading process. Open the oven chamber         and carefully load the specimen onto the pre-heated SER drums so         that the length dimension of the specimen is horizontally         oriented. The user must be adept at handling and loading the         specimen with tweezers such that the specimen loading procedure         should take only a matter of 10-20 seconds. Hence, very little         heat will be lost by the oven and SER fixture with a         well-executed loading procedure.     -   Once the specimen has been properly loaded, close the oven and         allow the chamber to begin reheating.     -   After closing the oven, wait 20 seconds and then reduce the oven         temperature setting in the instrument control software to the         desired test temperature of the extensional test. Rapid cooling         within the oven should be avoided in order to prevent large         temperature gradients within the oven and the polymer specimen         contained therein. It is preferable to allow the oven chamber         temperature to gradually cool to the desired test temperature.     -   The desired test temperature (±0.2° C. of the set point) must be         achieved within 200 seconds after the sample was loaded onto the         SER.     -   The extensional test is to be started 240 seconds after the         sample was loaded onto the SER.

Performing the Test:

-   -   Closely monitor the oven temperature and verify that the desired         test temperature has been reached to within ±0.2° C.     -   In the control software, begin the test to initiate the specimen         stretching experiment.     -   If possible, during the test visually monitor the specimen         through an oven viewport to verify homogeneous flow deformation         or to observe any sample necking that may occur during the         stretching experiment.     -   Ensure that the stretching experiment continues until the         specimen ruptures or until the specimen begins to overwrap the         ends of the wound specimen.

After the Test is Finished:

-   -   Upon completion of the stretching experiment, open the oven         chamber and carefully remove the specimen remnants from the         windup drums.     -   Once the specimen remnants have been removed, carefully wipe         down the windup drums with a clean cloth or laboratory tissue to         remove any remaining residue off the drum surfaces.     -   Upon completion of the cleaning procedure, close the oven to         allow the SER to get back up to temperature for subsequent         measurements.

4. References

-   Sentmanat, M. L., “Miniature universal testing platform: From     extensional melt rheology to solid-state deformation behavior,”     Rheol. Acta 43, 657-669 (2004). -   Sentmanat, M: Wang, B N; McKinley, G H, “Measuring the transient     extensional rheology of polyethylene melts using the SER universal     testing platform,” J. Rheol., 49 (3), 585-606 (2005) 

1-15. (canceled)
 16. A method for manufacturing a polymer article comprising injecting a molten polyester based polymer for converting it into a (semi)final shape, wherein the polyester based polymer melt is converted at a given local pressure and a given processing temperature, wherein said processing temperature is higher than the crystallization temperature of the polymer resin at ambient pressure as determined from the corresponding PVT graph of the resin, and wherein said local pressure applied on the polyester based polymer melt is selected to increase the crystallization temperature towards or preferably to at least the given melt processing temperature.
 17. A method according to claim 16, wherein said given processing temperature is within a range of 5 to 40° C. higher than the crystallization temperature of the polymer resin at ambient pressure as determined from the corresponding PVT graph of the resin.
 18. A method according to claim 16, wherein the applied local pressure is selected within a range of 0 to 500 MPa to increase the crystallization temperature of the polyester based polymer melt towards or preferably to at least the given melt processing temperature.
 19. A method for manufacturing a polymer article according to claim 16, further comprising biaxially stretching the preform by blowing thereby forming a container.
 20. A method according to claim 16 comprising injecting a molten polyester based polymer for converting it into a semi-final shape, said polymer having an applied Weissenberg number at least 0.375 for injecting and a Deborah number of at least 0.75 for injecting, wherein the polyester based polymer has a MW between 35000 and 143000 g/mol.
 21. A method according to claim 16 comprising selectively modifying the flow path of the molten semi-crystallizable polymer within the hot runner system.
 22. A method according to claim 21, wherein the flow path of the polyester based polymer melt is modified as a function of local pressure profile over at least part of the flow path, said local pressure profile being determined as a function of optimized response of the polyester based polymer melt to the applied local shear and/or extensional deformation over at least said part of the flow path.
 23. A method according to claim 21, wherein the flow path of the polyester based polymer melt is modified as a function of local pressure profile over at least part of the flow path, said local pressure profile being determined as a function of required critical shear over at least said part of the flow path.
 24. A method according to claim 21, wherein the polymer material results from blending or compounding a plurality of polymer materials with different MW in order to obtain a lower ω1 without substantially increasing the Mw of the obtained blend or compound.
 25. A method for according to claim 16 comprising injecting polyester based polymer in a preform mold for converting it in a preform while applying a shear and/or extensional deformation on the polyester based polymer melt, wherein applying shear and/or extension deformation on the polyester based polymer melt comprises selectively modifying the flow path of the molten semi-crystallizable polymer as a function of local pressure profile over at least part of the flow path, said local pressure profile being determined as a function of optimized response of the polyester based polymer melt to the applied local shear and/or extensional deformation over at least said part of the flow path.
 26. A method according to claim 25, wherein the flow path of the polyester based polymer melt is modified as a function of local pressure profile over at least part of the flow path, said local pressure profile being determined as a function of required critical shear over at least said part of the flow path.
 27. A method according to claim 26, wherein the flow path of the polyester based polymer melt is modified as a function of local pressure profile over at least part of the flow path, and wherein the polyester based polymer melt is converted at a given processing temperature, wherein said processing temperature is higher than the crystallization temperature of the polymer resin at ambient pressure as determined from the corresponding PVT graph of the resin, and wherein said local pressure profile applied on the polyester based polymer melt is selected to increase the crystallization temperature towards or preferably to at least the given melt processing temperature
 28. Use of a method according to any of the above mentioned claims in manufacturing of: containers for divers food and non-food applications; any forms of injected polymer articles for use in packaging, building & construction, automotive, electric & electronic applications.
 29. A method according to claim 17, wherein the applied local pressure is selected within a range of 0 to 500 MPa to increase the crystallization temperature of the polyester based polymer melt towards or preferably to at least the given melt processing temperature.
 30. A method for manufacturing a polymer article according to claim 17, further comprising biaxially stretching the preform by blowing thereby forming a container.
 31. A method for manufacturing a polymer article according to claim 18, further comprising biaxially stretching the preform by blowing thereby forming a container.
 32. A method according to claim 22, wherein the flow path of the polyester based polymer melt is modified as a function of local pressure profile over at least part of the flow path, said local pressure profile being determined as a function of required critical shear over at least said part of the flow path.
 33. A method according to claim 22 wherein the polymer material results from blending or compounding a plurality of polymer materials with different MW in order to obtain a lower ω1 without substantially increasing the Mw of the obtained blend or compound.
 34. A method according to claim 23, wherein the polymer material results from blending or compounding a plurality of polymer materials with different MW in order to obtain a lower ω1 without substantially increasing the Mw of the obtained blend or compound. 